民事责任与义务的界分问题再思考

民事责任是违反民事义务的法律后果之通说不能妥当解释责任的强制性问题,而将义务与责任划分的界线确定在裁判文书生效时,方可将责任与强制性直接联系起来。裁判文书生效之前当事人所负担者均应定性为义务,对此还应当以义务违反时为界再划分为原本义务和后发义务。违反原本义务所直接产生的后果只是对其更不利益的后发义务,而尚非得被强制承担的责任,经生效司法裁判确定后方可谓之责任;违反原本义务者在经生效司法裁判确认之前仅是＂责任嫌疑人＂,之后才可谓之＂责任人＂。因此,民事责任应界定为：民事主体确定地违反民事义务或者在法律有特别规定的情况下得被强制承担的法律后果。     

关于“裸聊”的法理分析

"裸聊"的出现引发了一系列的社会问题。文章着重从法理的角度对其概念及特征进行了明确的界定,对其性质从公法和私法的角度进行了详细的阐述;并就"裸聊"与其衍生的犯罪以及善良风俗相关问题进行了探讨。     

固相萃取──紫外导数光谱法测定脏器中敌鼠钠含量

肝、肾、肺、脑等脏器中敌鼠钠含量的题示测定法，使用国产GDX403树脂为革取材料，溶剂消耗少，操作简便，回收率约70％，检测下限小于1μg．g-1，适合做为法医毒物分析常规方法。     

吗氯贝胺片溶出度测定方法的研究

目的：建立一种用紫外线测定吗氯贝胺片溶出度的方法。方法：采用紫外分光光度法——吸收系数法(E1cm^1%＝574)在240nm波长处测定样品的吸收度。结果：线性范围：4—16ug.ml-1(r=0.9999,n=5)，平均回收率为101．2％，RSD为0．41％(N=5)。结论：本法简便、快速、准确，应用于控制吗氯贝胺片的质量。     

Cyanide and amygdalin as indicators of the presence of bitter almonds in imported raw almonds

Abstract: Consumer complaints received by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in August 2010 about raw organic almonds tasting “bitter” opened an investigation into the presence of bitter almonds in the imported product. Bitter almonds (Prunus amygdalus) contain the cyanogenic glucoside amygdalin, which hydrolyzes to produce cyanide. Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry was used to detect and quantitate cyanide, and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry was utilized to detect amygdalin in the submitted samples. Control bitter almonds were found to contain 1.4 mg cyanide/g and an estimated level of 20–25 mg amygdalin/g. The questioned samples contained between 14 and 42 μg cyanide/g and were positive for the presence of amygdalin. Sweet almonds were found to be negative for both compounds, at levels of detection of 4 μg cyanide/g and 200 μg amygdalin/g.     

金融衍生交易的法律解释——以合同为中心

金融衍生交易特别是场外衍生交易规则与传统民商法之间的冲突是大陆法系国家普遍存在的问题。衍生工具作为一种新的合同类型,与传统合同的显著区别在于"当前订约、未来履行",从中派生出特殊的履约风险、缔约风险等一系列新问题。对赌、显失公平等法律争议正是基于衍生合约本身的特性而产生;而通常被称为"衍生交易规则"的一整套制度实际上是市场自发创设的防范履约风险的安排。在此,场外衍生交易与场内衍生交易之间没有本质区别,英美法系与大陆法系需要应对同样的问题。通过还原衍生交易规则背后的法律逻辑,可以构筑一个以"合同"为中心的衍生交易法律问题的分析框架,容纳从合同效力、履行、缔约到信息披露、监管等一系列问题。以合同为主要处理对象的民商法应扩张自身的体系以容纳实践中产生的新合同类型,从而为整个金融衍生交易法律规则体系提供坚实的基础。     

紫外分光光度法和二阶导数光谱法测定水样中的敌草快

目的建立测定水样中的敌草快的分析方法。方法采用紫外分光光度法和二阶导数光谱法测定水样中的敌草快。结果紫外分光光度法直接测定水样中的敌草快,在0.1~50μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,日内,日间精密度均小于2.6%。二阶导数光谱法在0.1~10μg/mL线性关系良好,日内、日间精密度均小于1.29%。结论该两种方法快速、简单、灵敏,适用于环境监测工作。     

一氧化碳中毒血分光光度定量分析法比较

目的比较7种一氧化碳中毒血样分光光度含量测定方法的特点及适用性。方法用空白血添加一氧化碳配制不同浓度的样品,采用双波长法、还原法（3种）、切线法和导数光谱法（2种）进行检测,对各种方法线性范围、重现性和操作中注意事项等内容进行考察,并用实际案件检材验证和比较。结果还原法一在30%~70%、还原法三在20%~100%,其他方法在20%~70%范围内,线性关系良好;样本浓度超过或低于50%,采用切线法有一定误差;导数法及还原法三因需要制备CO饱和样本,操作略微繁琐,但导数光谱法计算结果准确性好。结论几种方法均可用于一氧化碳中毒血的检测,实验结果可为方法的实际应用提供借鉴和帮助。     

紫外分光光度法检测尿中敌草快

目的为尿液中敌草快的测定研究一种简单可靠的检测方法。方法将尿样高速离心,上清液转移至试管中,加入不同的碱性溶液调节p H,加入连二亚硫酸钠显色,于378nm比色测定。结果敌草快在0.1-10μg/m L呈良好线性,相关系数为0.998 8,回归直线方程Y=0.114 9X＋0.010 3。最低检出限为0.02μg/m L,日间和日内精密度分别为4.50%,6.28%。结论此方法操作简便、快速,适用于临床监测和法医毒物分析。     

2,4,6-Tri(2′-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine for determination of iron(II), Iron(III), and total iron contents on human palms

When iron-based tools, such as knives or guns, are held, traces of iron can transfer to the skin. However, no previous studies have been published regarding the effect of the elapsed contact time on the transfer of iron species with different valences to the palm. Compared with 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine (PDT), 2,4,6-tri(2′-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ) was found to exhibit a higher sensitivity to iron(II) spectrophotometrically. This work employed 2,4,6-tri(2′-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ) and UV spectrophotometry to determine the amounts of iron(II), iron(III), and total iron transferred to human palms from iron tools. It was found that the palmar moisture level was an important factor in determining the amounts of total iron, including iron(II), transferred to the palm. For identical contact times, the amounts of total iron transferred to the palm was proportional to the palmar moisture, and the difference between the maximum and minimum amounts was 12 μg per hand. However, the amounts of iron(II) transferred to the palm gradually decreased over time for low palmar moisture levels, but steadily increased over time for high palmar moisture levels. Additionally, for average levels of palm moisture, the amounts of iron(II) and iron(III) transferred to the palm gradually decreased and increased, respectively, with longer contact times. Notably, this research could serve as a theoretical basis and guide for the detection of trace iron species with different valences on human palms for criminal investigations.